Tuesday, August 24, 2010
Thursday, August 12, 2010
How to generate water from air
How to Generate Waster For Air
To remove water from a gas (e.g. air) and recover the water for use. (This is the reverse of the normal industrial gas dryer)
Step 3. To increase Drying, compress the air first to about 10 atoms or 50 atoms and cool the compressed gas. Both the compressing and cooling will cause the water to condense in a smaller apparatus.
To remove water from a gas (e.g. air) and recover the water for use. (This is the reverse of the normal industrial gas dryer)
Step 1
Step 2. To recover liquid water from the absorbent-
Step 3. To increase Drying, compress the air first to about 10 atoms or 50 atoms and cool the compressed gas. Both the compressing and cooling will cause the water to condense in a smaller apparatus.
Monday, August 9, 2010
Oil Spill Mumbai Coast
300 containers carrying oil and hazardous chemicals have fell into the arebian sea 10Km off the coast of Mumbai. The coast guard and vairous other government agancies are at work to contain the effects of the spill. So far about 50 tons of oil has leaked into the sea and fishermen have been asked to stay clear of the area.
Do you think the Indian Government will handle this spill as a serious environmental disaster or look at it as a economic windfall by tring to cover up the issue, levy heavy fines and extract monies from the two companies that own the ships.
Visit Back for the latest news on the Oil Spill.
Oil Spill Mumbai
New Delhi, India (CNN) -- The Indian Coast Guard was trying Monday to combat an oil spill off Mumbai in western Indian after two vessels collided, causing one to leak oil.
About 400 tons of furnace oil has spilled over five to six nautical miles in the sea, posing what Coast Guard Commandant S.S. Dasila called a "navigational hazard".
Helicopters have sprayed oil-dispersal chemicals as emergency officials monitor coastline and beaches.
Mumbai's port has also suspended operations, he said.
The Panamanian-flagged JNPT MSC Chitra vessel collided with a vessel from St. Kitts and Nevis on Saturday. Because the Panamanian vessel became grounded, the incident caused an oil spill.
News From CNN Online.
About 400 tons of furnace oil has spilled over five to six nautical miles in the sea, posing what Coast Guard Commandant S.S. Dasila called a "navigational hazard".
Helicopters have sprayed oil-dispersal chemicals as emergency officials monitor coastline and beaches.
Mumbai's port has also suspended operations, he said.
The Panamanian-flagged JNPT MSC Chitra vessel collided with a vessel from St. Kitts and Nevis on Saturday. Because the Panamanian vessel became grounded, the incident caused an oil spill.
News From CNN Online.
Thursday, August 5, 2010
Environmental Discrimination
Environmental Justice:
An important challenge today in the field of waste management is environmental justice. Environmental justice can be defined as “fair treatment for people of all races, cultures, and incomes, regarding the development of environmental laws, regulations, policies (US EPA). Minority population and low income population bear a disproportionate amount of adverse health and environmental effects.
Environmental justice and the right to a clean environment are related to the location of facilities. Today, it is very difficult to find a location for a new waste treatment plant. Citizen groups are established to demonstrate against attempts to locate a facility in their neighbourhood. Those demonstrations and public opposition are often sufficiently strong to force the planners to make changes to the project. But successful opposition depends upon the capacity, time, number and competence of the complainants to pursue their interests.
One would tend to draw to a conclusion that higher income population are in a better position to mobilise the effort needed to participate actively in the public debate on the location of sites for waste facilities. In developing countries the lack of efficient waste planning, communication channels and site permission procedures and above all, more basic preoccupations may further increase the problem.
Occupational Health:
Occupational health is another social issue in context of sustainable development, which must be given sufficient attention. There is a risk of replacing a outside environmental problem by an internal environmental problem. The well documented traditional accidents and risks for waste collectors are replaced by new health ricks. Technical solution and changes in working routines have been introduced to reduce the risk of sharp and cutting waste and accidents connected to heavy lifting. But the changes in the waste management chain that were made to obtain sustainable waste management have not sufficiently taken into account the issue of occupational health.
The collection of a biodegradable fraction and its impact on the health of the waste collectors, for example, has not been sufficiently investigated. Another example is the working conditions at sorting plants, where for the whole or parts of the sorting process, manual sorting takes place. This problem is especially difficult as sorting facilities that receive household hazardous waste in dispersed quantities and often without proper labelling or indication of content.
A number of measures have been taken to minimize the risks and unpleasant working conditions, but the fact is that the effects on human health have not been sufficiently investigated. This issues is also directly related to the concept of environmental justice, as most of the jobs referred to above are low qualified and low paid jobs.
An important challenge today in the field of waste management is environmental justice. Environmental justice can be defined as “fair treatment for people of all races, cultures, and incomes, regarding the development of environmental laws, regulations, policies (US EPA). Minority population and low income population bear a disproportionate amount of adverse health and environmental effects.
Environmental justice and the right to a clean environment are related to the location of facilities. Today, it is very difficult to find a location for a new waste treatment plant. Citizen groups are established to demonstrate against attempts to locate a facility in their neighbourhood. Those demonstrations and public opposition are often sufficiently strong to force the planners to make changes to the project. But successful opposition depends upon the capacity, time, number and competence of the complainants to pursue their interests.
One would tend to draw to a conclusion that higher income population are in a better position to mobilise the effort needed to participate actively in the public debate on the location of sites for waste facilities. In developing countries the lack of efficient waste planning, communication channels and site permission procedures and above all, more basic preoccupations may further increase the problem.
Occupational Health:
Occupational health is another social issue in context of sustainable development, which must be given sufficient attention. There is a risk of replacing a outside environmental problem by an internal environmental problem. The well documented traditional accidents and risks for waste collectors are replaced by new health ricks. Technical solution and changes in working routines have been introduced to reduce the risk of sharp and cutting waste and accidents connected to heavy lifting. But the changes in the waste management chain that were made to obtain sustainable waste management have not sufficiently taken into account the issue of occupational health.
The collection of a biodegradable fraction and its impact on the health of the waste collectors, for example, has not been sufficiently investigated. Another example is the working conditions at sorting plants, where for the whole or parts of the sorting process, manual sorting takes place. This problem is especially difficult as sorting facilities that receive household hazardous waste in dispersed quantities and often without proper labelling or indication of content.
A number of measures have been taken to minimize the risks and unpleasant working conditions, but the fact is that the effects on human health have not been sufficiently investigated. This issues is also directly related to the concept of environmental justice, as most of the jobs referred to above are low qualified and low paid jobs.
E-Waste Management Rules
E Waste management rules have been created by the central government and CPCB of India. the following is a free download of the E Waste Management Rules:
E Waste Management Rules: Down Load Your Free E-Waste Rules Copy Here
This is a snap shot of the rules. Down Load Your Free copy Here!
4. Responsibilities of the producer – (1) In line with the principle of ‘Extended
Producer Responsibility’ (EPR), the producer of electrical or electronic equipments
shall be responsible for the e-waste generated from the ‘end of life’ of their products
and ensure that such e-wastes are handled without any adverse effects to human
health and the environment.
(2) In accordance with the principle of ‘Individual Producer Responsibility’ (IPR), the
producer of electrical or electronic equipment shall be responsible for its own
branded product, its own branded historical waste from the date these rules come
into force. The producer shall be responsible to finance, and organize a system to
meet the costs involved in the management of e-waste generated from the ‘end of
life’ of its own products. Such financing system shall be transparent.
(3) In case of historical wastes, the management of s uch wastes shall be a collective
responsibility of the producers through a consortium or an association of producers
and other concerned stakeholders. Every producer shall be responsible to finance
the recycling cost proportionate to their market share assessed annually. Such
financing system shall be transparent.
(4) The producer shall be responsible for:
(i) any waste generated during the manufacture of electrical and electronic
equipment;
(ii) organizing an effective take back system for all used electrical and electronic
equipments which are no longer fit for its intended use.
(iii) authorizing dealers of electrical and electronic equipments to collect used
electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste).
(iv) facilita ting to set up collection centres either individually or collectively for the
collection of e-wastes;
(v) meeting the targets as per the guidelines published from time to time.
(vi) ensuring that all products are provided with a specific serial number or
individual identification code for tracking their product in the e-waste
management system.
(5) In order to fulfill the responsibilities mentioned in (1), (2) & (3) above the producer
or consortium of producers shall designate, individually or collectively, dealers,
collection centres, recyclers as deemed necessary.
6
(6) The producer shall create awareness through publications, information booklets
accompanying the equipment, advertisements, posters or by any other means with
regard to the following:
(i) information on hazardous constituents in e -waste;
(ii) information on hazards of improper handling, accidental breakage, damage
and/or improper recycling of e-waste;
(iii) instructions for handling the equipment after its use, along with the Do’s and
Don’ts;
(iv) affix the symbol given below on the products to prevent e-waste from being
dropped in garbage bins containing waste destined for disposal;
(v) information to consumers to return their used electrical and electronic
equipments only to the dealers or authorized collection centres; and
(vi) provide contact details such as address, telephone numbers/helpline number
and e-mail of dealers and authorized collection centres for the deposition of
the equipments after use;
(7) The producer shall submit an application for authorization in Form-1,
electronically to the Member Secretary, State Pollution Control Board or Committee
of UT as the case may be and in accordance with the procedures prescribed under
rule-11 of these rules;
(8) The producer shall maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form 2. These
may be maintained in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the
appropriate authority.
(9) The annual returns shall be filed in Form 3, electronically, to the State Pollution
Control Board/Committee of UT as the case may be, on or before 30th June of every
year for the financial year ending on 31st March of the same year.
(10) The producer shall provide the following information to Ministry of Environment
and Forests annually by 30th June for the financial year ending on 31st March of the
same year:
(a) sale of electronic and electrical equipments for the past five years;
(b) sale of used/refurbished electrical and electronic equipments; and
(c) collection of e -waste.
7
The information on (b) & (c) above shall also be made available on their
respective websites.
5. Responsibilities of dealers - (1) The dealers authorized by the producers shall
be responsible to collect the used electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste) by
providing the consumer(s) a box, bin or a demarcated area to deposit e-waste.
(2) The dealers shall ensure that the e-waste thus collected are safely transported
back to the producer or to authorized collection centre as the case may be.
(3) The dealers may give appropriate discount or levy appropriate cost for every
used electrical and electronic e quipment (e-waste) returned by the consumer.
6. Responsibilities of authorized collection centres – (1) Any person(s) setting
up such collection centre(s) shall submit an application for authorization in Form-1, to
the Member Secretary, State Pollution Control Board or Committee of UT as the
case may be and in accordance with the procedures prescribed under Rule -11 of
these rules. The contact details such as address, telephone numbers/helpline
number and e-mail of the collection centre shall be provided to the general public.
(2) The person(s) operating collection centre(s), individually or collectively shall
ensure:
(i) that the e-waste collected by them are stored in a secured manner till these
are sent to the producer, authorized dismantlers or registered recyclers;
(ii) the e-waste thus collected are sent to the producer, authorized dismantlers
or registered recyclers as the case may be;
(iii) safe transportation of the e-waste; and
(iv) that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and
transportation of e-waste; and
(3) The person(s) operating the authorized collection centre shall maintain records of
the e-waste handled in Form 2. These may be maintained in electronic format and
should be available for scrutiny by the appropriate authority.
7. Responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumer. – (1) Consumers or bulk
consumers using electrical and electronic equipments shall ensure that used
electrical and electronic equipments (e -waste) which are not fit for the intended use
are deposited with the dealer or authorized collection in order to be sent to the
authorized dismantler or registered recycler.
(2) The bulk consumers are permitted to auction e-waste only to authorized
collection centres or authorized dismantler or registered recyclers or avail the pickup/
take back services provided by the producers; and
(3) The bulk consumers shall maintain records in Form 2. These may be maintained
in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the appropriate authority.
8
8. Responsibilities of dismantler - (1) Every dismantler shall submit an application
for authorization in Form-1, electronically to the Member Secretary, State Pollution
Control Board or Committee of the UT as the case may be and in accordance with
the procedures prescribed under rule-11 of these rules.
(2) Every person engaged in dismantling e-waste shall ensure that:-
(i) no damage is caused to the environment during storage and
transportation and dismantling of e-waste;
(ii) the dismantling processes do not have any adverse effect on health
and environment;
(iii) the facility and dismantling processes are in accordance with the
standards laid down in the guidelines published by the Central Pollution
Control Board from time to time; and
(iv) the dismantled e-waste are segregated and sent to the registered
recycling facilities for recovery of materials;
(3) The dismantler shall not process any e-waste for recovery and/or refining of
materials.
(4) Every dismantler shall maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form 2. These
may be maintained in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the
appropriate authority.
(5) The annual returns shall be filed in Form 3, electronically, to the State Pollution
Control Board/Committee of UT as the case may be, on or before 30th June of every
year for the financial year ending on 31st March of the same year.
9. Responsibilities of recycler – (1) Every person desirous of recycling e-waste
shall submit an application for registration as a recycler in Form-4 to the Member
Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board in accordance with the procedures
prescribed under rule-12 of these rules;
(2) The registered recycler shall:-
(i) ensure strict compliance of the terms and conditions of registration;
(ii) ensure that the facility and recycling processes are in accordance with the
standards laid down in the guidelines published by the Central Pollution
Control Board from time to time;
(iii) make available all records to the Central or State Pollution Control Board/
Committee of UT for inspection;
(iv) ensure that residue generated thereof is disposed of in a hazardous waste
Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (TSDF); and
(v) conduct a Third Party Audit of the facility once every two years by auditors
empanelled by the Ministry of Environment and Forests and make the report
public.
9
(3) The registered recycler shall maintain records in Form 2. These may be
maintained in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the
appropriate authority.
(4) The annual returns shall be filed in Form 3, electronically, to the State Pollution
Control Board or Committee of the UT as the case may be, on or before 30th June of
every year for the financial year ending on 31st March of the same year.
(5) The registered recyclers shall facilitate creation of public awareness through
advertisements, publications, posters or others on:
(i) the obligation of all consumers to return used electrical and electronic
equipments only to the authorized dealers or authorized collection centres;
(ii) the environmentally sound recycling of e-waste including the benefits of
such recycling; and
(iii) the environmental and health hazards of improper recycling of e-waste.
10. Responsibilities of the Designated Authorities - (1) Nodal Authority – A
nodal authority shall be constituted under the Ministry of Environment & Forests that
shall be responsible for the enforcement of these rules. This authority shall
periodically review the enforcement of these rules at the national level.
(2) Regional Authority – (i) Regional authorities shall be constituted under each of
the Regional Offices of the Ministry of Environment & Forests to oversee the e-waste
management in the region and resolve any issues relating to smooth functioning of
the collection, storage, dismantling and recycling of e-waste.
(ii) The regional authority shall be constituted under the chairmanship of an officer of
the level of Director or above in the Environment Division of the Regional Office. The
committee shall include representatives from other concerned state government
departments, State Pollution Control Board or Committee of UT, industry
associations, technical experts, NGOs with experience in the area of e-waste and
others as deemed fit.
(3) Responsibilities of various Authorities - The responsibilities of the various
authorities are given in Schedule 2 of these rules.
E Waste Management Rules: Down Load Your Free E-Waste Rules Copy Here
This is a snap shot of the rules. Down Load Your Free copy Here!
4. Responsibilities of the producer – (1) In line with the principle of ‘Extended
Producer Responsibility’ (EPR), the producer of electrical or electronic equipments
shall be responsible for the e-waste generated from the ‘end of life’ of their products
and ensure that such e-wastes are handled without any adverse effects to human
health and the environment.
(2) In accordance with the principle of ‘Individual Producer Responsibility’ (IPR), the
producer of electrical or electronic equipment shall be responsible for its own
branded product, its own branded historical waste from the date these rules come
into force. The producer shall be responsible to finance, and organize a system to
meet the costs involved in the management of e-waste generated from the ‘end of
life’ of its own products. Such financing system shall be transparent.
(3) In case of historical wastes, the management of s uch wastes shall be a collective
responsibility of the producers through a consortium or an association of producers
and other concerned stakeholders. Every producer shall be responsible to finance
the recycling cost proportionate to their market share assessed annually. Such
financing system shall be transparent.
(4) The producer shall be responsible for:
(i) any waste generated during the manufacture of electrical and electronic
equipment;
(ii) organizing an effective take back system for all used electrical and electronic
equipments which are no longer fit for its intended use.
(iii) authorizing dealers of electrical and electronic equipments to collect used
electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste).
(iv) facilita ting to set up collection centres either individually or collectively for the
collection of e-wastes;
(v) meeting the targets as per the guidelines published from time to time.
(vi) ensuring that all products are provided with a specific serial number or
individual identification code for tracking their product in the e-waste
management system.
(5) In order to fulfill the responsibilities mentioned in (1), (2) & (3) above the producer
or consortium of producers shall designate, individually or collectively, dealers,
collection centres, recyclers as deemed necessary.
6
(6) The producer shall create awareness through publications, information booklets
accompanying the equipment, advertisements, posters or by any other means with
regard to the following:
(i) information on hazardous constituents in e -waste;
(ii) information on hazards of improper handling, accidental breakage, damage
and/or improper recycling of e-waste;
(iii) instructions for handling the equipment after its use, along with the Do’s and
Don’ts;
(iv) affix the symbol given below on the products to prevent e-waste from being
dropped in garbage bins containing waste destined for disposal;
(v) information to consumers to return their used electrical and electronic
equipments only to the dealers or authorized collection centres; and
(vi) provide contact details such as address, telephone numbers/helpline number
and e-mail of dealers and authorized collection centres for the deposition of
the equipments after use;
(7) The producer shall submit an application for authorization in Form-1,
electronically to the Member Secretary, State Pollution Control Board or Committee
of UT as the case may be and in accordance with the procedures prescribed under
rule-11 of these rules;
(8) The producer shall maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form 2. These
may be maintained in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the
appropriate authority.
(9) The annual returns shall be filed in Form 3, electronically, to the State Pollution
Control Board/Committee of UT as the case may be, on or before 30th June of every
year for the financial year ending on 31st March of the same year.
(10) The producer shall provide the following information to Ministry of Environment
and Forests annually by 30th June for the financial year ending on 31st March of the
same year:
(a) sale of electronic and electrical equipments for the past five years;
(b) sale of used/refurbished electrical and electronic equipments; and
(c) collection of e -waste.
7
The information on (b) & (c) above shall also be made available on their
respective websites.
5. Responsibilities of dealers - (1) The dealers authorized by the producers shall
be responsible to collect the used electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste) by
providing the consumer(s) a box, bin or a demarcated area to deposit e-waste.
(2) The dealers shall ensure that the e-waste thus collected are safely transported
back to the producer or to authorized collection centre as the case may be.
(3) The dealers may give appropriate discount or levy appropriate cost for every
used electrical and electronic e quipment (e-waste) returned by the consumer.
6. Responsibilities of authorized collection centres – (1) Any person(s) setting
up such collection centre(s) shall submit an application for authorization in Form-1, to
the Member Secretary, State Pollution Control Board or Committee of UT as the
case may be and in accordance with the procedures prescribed under Rule -11 of
these rules. The contact details such as address, telephone numbers/helpline
number and e-mail of the collection centre shall be provided to the general public.
(2) The person(s) operating collection centre(s), individually or collectively shall
ensure:
(i) that the e-waste collected by them are stored in a secured manner till these
are sent to the producer, authorized dismantlers or registered recyclers;
(ii) the e-waste thus collected are sent to the producer, authorized dismantlers
or registered recyclers as the case may be;
(iii) safe transportation of the e-waste; and
(iv) that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and
transportation of e-waste; and
(3) The person(s) operating the authorized collection centre shall maintain records of
the e-waste handled in Form 2. These may be maintained in electronic format and
should be available for scrutiny by the appropriate authority.
7. Responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumer. – (1) Consumers or bulk
consumers using electrical and electronic equipments shall ensure that used
electrical and electronic equipments (e -waste) which are not fit for the intended use
are deposited with the dealer or authorized collection in order to be sent to the
authorized dismantler or registered recycler.
(2) The bulk consumers are permitted to auction e-waste only to authorized
collection centres or authorized dismantler or registered recyclers or avail the pickup/
take back services provided by the producers; and
(3) The bulk consumers shall maintain records in Form 2. These may be maintained
in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the appropriate authority.
8
8. Responsibilities of dismantler - (1) Every dismantler shall submit an application
for authorization in Form-1, electronically to the Member Secretary, State Pollution
Control Board or Committee of the UT as the case may be and in accordance with
the procedures prescribed under rule-11 of these rules.
(2) Every person engaged in dismantling e-waste shall ensure that:-
(i) no damage is caused to the environment during storage and
transportation and dismantling of e-waste;
(ii) the dismantling processes do not have any adverse effect on health
and environment;
(iii) the facility and dismantling processes are in accordance with the
standards laid down in the guidelines published by the Central Pollution
Control Board from time to time; and
(iv) the dismantled e-waste are segregated and sent to the registered
recycling facilities for recovery of materials;
(3) The dismantler shall not process any e-waste for recovery and/or refining of
materials.
(4) Every dismantler shall maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form 2. These
may be maintained in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the
appropriate authority.
(5) The annual returns shall be filed in Form 3, electronically, to the State Pollution
Control Board/Committee of UT as the case may be, on or before 30th June of every
year for the financial year ending on 31st March of the same year.
9. Responsibilities of recycler – (1) Every person desirous of recycling e-waste
shall submit an application for registration as a recycler in Form-4 to the Member
Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board in accordance with the procedures
prescribed under rule-12 of these rules;
(2) The registered recycler shall:-
(i) ensure strict compliance of the terms and conditions of registration;
(ii) ensure that the facility and recycling processes are in accordance with the
standards laid down in the guidelines published by the Central Pollution
Control Board from time to time;
(iii) make available all records to the Central or State Pollution Control Board/
Committee of UT for inspection;
(iv) ensure that residue generated thereof is disposed of in a hazardous waste
Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (TSDF); and
(v) conduct a Third Party Audit of the facility once every two years by auditors
empanelled by the Ministry of Environment and Forests and make the report
public.
9
(3) The registered recycler shall maintain records in Form 2. These may be
maintained in electronic format and should be available for scrutiny by the
appropriate authority.
(4) The annual returns shall be filed in Form 3, electronically, to the State Pollution
Control Board or Committee of the UT as the case may be, on or before 30th June of
every year for the financial year ending on 31st March of the same year.
(5) The registered recyclers shall facilitate creation of public awareness through
advertisements, publications, posters or others on:
(i) the obligation of all consumers to return used electrical and electronic
equipments only to the authorized dealers or authorized collection centres;
(ii) the environmentally sound recycling of e-waste including the benefits of
such recycling; and
(iii) the environmental and health hazards of improper recycling of e-waste.
10. Responsibilities of the Designated Authorities - (1) Nodal Authority – A
nodal authority shall be constituted under the Ministry of Environment & Forests that
shall be responsible for the enforcement of these rules. This authority shall
periodically review the enforcement of these rules at the national level.
(2) Regional Authority – (i) Regional authorities shall be constituted under each of
the Regional Offices of the Ministry of Environment & Forests to oversee the e-waste
management in the region and resolve any issues relating to smooth functioning of
the collection, storage, dismantling and recycling of e-waste.
(ii) The regional authority shall be constituted under the chairmanship of an officer of
the level of Director or above in the Environment Division of the Regional Office. The
committee shall include representatives from other concerned state government
departments, State Pollution Control Board or Committee of UT, industry
associations, technical experts, NGOs with experience in the area of e-waste and
others as deemed fit.
(3) Responsibilities of various Authorities - The responsibilities of the various
authorities are given in Schedule 2 of these rules.
Wednesday, August 4, 2010
The informal waste sector
The Informal Waste Sector: 90% of the waste in India, is collected by the Informal Waste sector. The following Article Explains how the Informal Sector works:
The Informal Waste Sector in developing Countries:
Developing countries have various methods to recover recyclable material from the solid waste stream. In some cases local industries are strongly dependant on availability of recyclable materials for re processing. Some of these materials include cardboard, various paper products, different types of plastics and metals.
Most methods used to recover recyclable materials are inefficient and disregard the basis principals of occupational health and safety. These methods cause significant environmental and health problems, especially when collecting certain materials such as batteries from home or waste from hospitals. The recent episode where a scrap dealer bought radio active material from a Delhi University services as a strong example.
In large cities with large residential dwellings where high – mid income groups live, the waste collector typically sort through the waste and remove recyclables before the municipality vehicle arrive for collection from road side bins or in most cases dumps. The most common types of materials that are recovered are, cardboard, paper, plastic and aluminium cans. In areas where there is a high volume of recyclable materials, waste is stored at a specific location and later collected by commercial trucks.
As door to door collection is usually undertaken by the informal sector, which has little or no use of organic waste, in many places waste is segregated when it is collected from source. The organic waste left over is then disposed off at the side of road or in a road side dumps. This waste which still holds a high degree of recyclables that do not demand a hight market price and some materials that were over looked by the waste collector is collected and dumped at the dumping ground owned by the city or municipality.
Most dumping grounds, such as the one in Gazipur (Delhi) attract hundreds if not thousands of individuals (referred as rag pickers) for recovery of a Varity of recyclable material for sale. Most of these individuals live near or on the disposal site. This makes it easy for them to stock their goods, and have their family (in most cases young children) participate in the segregation activities. These individuals work under conditions that pose a grave risk to their health and wellbeing.
As the quantum of waste grows, it is becoming increasingly challenging for municipalities to deal with MSW in an effective and efficient way. Challenges such as allocating land for a scientific landfill sites, source segregation of waste at the house hold level, treatment of organic waste and the inclusion of the informal sector in the process of defining stringent waste management policies and procedures has become imperative.
The Informal Waste Sector in developing Countries:
Developing countries have various methods to recover recyclable material from the solid waste stream. In some cases local industries are strongly dependant on availability of recyclable materials for re processing. Some of these materials include cardboard, various paper products, different types of plastics and metals.
Most methods used to recover recyclable materials are inefficient and disregard the basis principals of occupational health and safety. These methods cause significant environmental and health problems, especially when collecting certain materials such as batteries from home or waste from hospitals. The recent episode where a scrap dealer bought radio active material from a Delhi University services as a strong example.
In large cities with large residential dwellings where high – mid income groups live, the waste collector typically sort through the waste and remove recyclables before the municipality vehicle arrive for collection from road side bins or in most cases dumps. The most common types of materials that are recovered are, cardboard, paper, plastic and aluminium cans. In areas where there is a high volume of recyclable materials, waste is stored at a specific location and later collected by commercial trucks.
As door to door collection is usually undertaken by the informal sector, which has little or no use of organic waste, in many places waste is segregated when it is collected from source. The organic waste left over is then disposed off at the side of road or in a road side dumps. This waste which still holds a high degree of recyclables that do not demand a hight market price and some materials that were over looked by the waste collector is collected and dumped at the dumping ground owned by the city or municipality.
Most dumping grounds, such as the one in Gazipur (Delhi) attract hundreds if not thousands of individuals (referred as rag pickers) for recovery of a Varity of recyclable material for sale. Most of these individuals live near or on the disposal site. This makes it easy for them to stock their goods, and have their family (in most cases young children) participate in the segregation activities. These individuals work under conditions that pose a grave risk to their health and wellbeing.
As the quantum of waste grows, it is becoming increasingly challenging for municipalities to deal with MSW in an effective and efficient way. Challenges such as allocating land for a scientific landfill sites, source segregation of waste at the house hold level, treatment of organic waste and the inclusion of the informal sector in the process of defining stringent waste management policies and procedures has become imperative.
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